Leo’s Heaven

A classical starting from the Shang, Chinese characters have 3000 years of continuous history of 3000 years of Chinese characters, the meaning of words shaped the changes are continuous｡ with most other languages is different is that the development of Chinese characters has experienced a pictographic - ideographic - ways to shape the sound of｡ this road had two main effects: first, with the continuous development of civilization, the concept of language to express the growing, making Chinese characters have a huge number of character sets (although no longer used in modern Chinese increase the character to express new concepts, but to create new words, which to some extent reduced the use of words)｡ large Chinese character set that makes it appear very complicated: difficult to learn, difficult to remember, difficult to use; second, in the history of Chinese characters as ideographs (ideograph), there is no direct relationship between text and voice, no matter in what language or dialect to read, meaning there is no change for thousands of years｡ This is the differentiation of a variety of oral changes in cross-fused, while the character has served as a The text is all kinds of uniform agree because｡ an advantage even when it is reflected in the other language borrowed time: even if people do not understand Japanese can read half of the meaning of bar｡ with different characters so that the person spoken exchange possible, while the divide is a major obstacle to a unified｡

Later, with the evolution of Chinese characters, Chinese characters are no longer purely ideographic, Xu Shen Shuo Wen Jie Zi 』『 The 9353 words in here, “pictophonetic word” accounted for more than 80%, “knowing the word” less than 20% , while Oracle only in shape and sound of the word more than 20%｡ especially in recent years the proportion of multi-syllable word sharp increase in the direction of Chinese characters has phonography｡ (on “pictophonetic word”, “knowing the word,” followed should also mention the ｡)

A classical starting from the Shang, Chinese characters have 3000 years of continuous history of 3000 years of Chinese characters, the meaning of words shaped the changes are continuous｡ with most other languages is different is that the development of Chinese characters has experienced a pictographic - ideographic - ways to shape the sound of｡ this road had two main effects: first, with the continuous development of civilization, the concept of language to express the growing, making Chinese characters have a huge number of character sets (although no longer used in modern Chinese increase the character to express new concepts, but to create new words, which to some extent reduced the use of words)｡ large Chinese character set that makes it appear very complicated: difficult to learn, difficult to remember, difficult to use; second, in the history of Chinese characters as ideographs (ideograph), there is no direct relationship between text and voice, no matter in what language or dialect to read, meaning there is no change for thousands of years｡ This is the differentiation of a variety of oral changes in cross-fused, while the character has served as a The text is all kinds of uniform agree because｡ an advantage even when it is reflected in the other language borrowed time: even if people do not understand Japanese can read half of the meaning of bar｡ with different characters so that the person spoken exchange possible, while the divide is a major obstacle to a unified｡

Later, with the evolution of Chinese characters, Chinese characters are no longer purely ideographic, Xu Shen Shuo Wen Jie Zi The 9353 words in here, “pictophonetic word” accounted for more than 80%, “knowing the word” less than 20% , while Oracle only in shape and sound of the word more than 20%｡ especially in recent years the proportion of multi-syllable word sharp increase in the direction of Chinese characters has phonography｡ (on “pictophonetic word”, “knowing the word,” followed should also mention the ｡)

On the population of Chinese is the language of the world’s largest, with more than a billion population speaks Chinese as their mother tongue: this includes 20 million in Taiwan, Malaysia, Thailand, 5 million, 5 million, 5 million in Hong Kong, Singapore, Indonesia, 2 million, 1 million, one million in Vietnam and other｡ Chinese, when the United Nations, founded in 1945, one of the five working languages (1974 has added Arabic)｡

There are seven major Chinese dialects: the northern dialect about three-quarters of the total population, the coverage area including China, Northeast, Northwest, North China, Shandong, Henan, Hubei and Anhui, Jiangsu, Sichuan, part of the Yangtze River north of the Yunnan and Guizhou Han Chinese neighborhood in the northern dialect and there are some “islands” in Fujian, Guangxi and Hainan; Wu dialect, which prevailed in the south part of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai, a population of 70 million, is the second largest dialect; Cantonese dialect, which occurs mainly in Guangdong, Guangxi and overseas Chinese, the middle, about 60 million people; Fujian dialect, prevailed in Fujian, Taiwan, and Southeast Asian countries, about 60 million people, the situation is very complex, to the degree of mutual non-passage may be Chinese in the Qin and Han times southward invasion with local languages and interactive results; Hunan dialect prevailed in Hunan Province; Gan dialect prevailing in Jiangxi Province, the characteristics of these two dialects are not prominent, and by the surrounding dialects a greater impact; also Hakka, mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Taiwan｡ these “dialects” is often a big difference between - such as Guangzhou, Beijing People who listen to his speech, and never listen to the French than the British speech easy people of Taiwan to listen to words of Shaanxi Province will hear very confused｡ What are the reasons these dialects were all linguistics is still classified as a language? In addition to long-term unity of the national culture and national unity and reunification of these factors, there are One important reason is that language - Chinese｡

Story｡ Sino-Tibetan languages, there are a “big guy”, do not know｡ guess it accounts for Sino-Tibetan languages for more than 85% of the total population｡ However, for non-Indo-European languages Indo-European linguistic research are not as deep as , its origin, development, and evolution, there are many issues to be resolved｡

Sino-Tibetan languages in four languages: Chinese dreams of; Tibet - Burman, including the Tibetan and Burmese these two languages, as well as the Yi, Naxi, Lisu, Lahu, Jingpo, Beijing, such as hundreds of small languages; Thailand - Old languages , including both Thai and Laotian Mandarin, as well as the Zhuang, Buyi, Dong, and several other small languages (Zhuang should not be considered a small language! there are more than 10 million people speak Zhuang, smaller than some of the language also, and they Well is not also have their own autonomous region); there is a Miao - Yao language family, by the Hmong and the Yao language composition｡ In addition, many people think that a distant relative of Vietnamese and Chinese, in fact, half of the word comes from Vietnamese Chinese, but their relationship remains to be further research｡

People who speak Sino-Tibetan languages in addition to China, is also found in Burma, India, Nepal, Thailand, Laos and other countries, as well as in Southeast Asia and ethnic Chinese around the world｡ In short, the holders of Sino-Tibetan languages of all nationalities, the Han people living in The most northern｡

Old English has been developed to the year 1066 Norman invasion of France｡ Prior to this, due to the impact of the Nordic and the Romans, and many Scandinavian words and Latin words entered｡ former solvent, such as egg, cake, skin, leg, window, husband, sky, fellow, skill, anger, flat, ugly, odd, get, give, take, raise, call, die, they, their, them; the latter, such as street, kitchen, kettle, cup , cheese, wine｡ Celtic remain in the names of the remains of most, such as the Thames, Kent, Dover｡

Norman invasion of English has brought a lot of French vocabulary, which makes the modern English is now kept a large number of synonyms / synonyms: shut / close, answer / reply, smell / odor, yearly / annual, ask / demand , room / chamber, wish / desire, might / power (English words / French words)｡ there is an interesting phenomenon is that meat and animal products are mostly English words, such as ox, cow, calf, sheep, swine, deer, and they The meat is the French word, such as beef, veal, mutton, pork, bacon, venison｡ presumably were mostly French-speaking aristocracy ruler, only pay attention to the meat on their table, and do not care what the animals are called｡

Also in the existing English / Scandinavian languages based on synonyms, such as the wrath of English and the Scandinavian language, anger, the French also added a ire｡ that even we Chinese have contributed a number of words: kowtow (kowtow), typhoon (Typhoon), sampan (sampan), kaolin (kaolinite), tea (Fujian dialect), shanghai (not the names）｡

The English as a foreign language so expressive a language-rich｡ While integration into such a large number of “foreign language”, the ancient English still constitute its core - less than 5000 of the Old English words remain to this day during this period｡ English gradually to the high-level development, and in 1399 succeeded to the throne of Henry IV is the first English-speaking｡ King of England towards the end of the fourteenth century, when Chaucer (Chaucer) completed The Legend of Canterbury (Canterbury Tales), the London dialect as the representative of the modern English finally began to appear: one from the Past “corner” language｡

The second invasion of Indo-Europeans in the mid-fifth century, when living in today’s Germany and Denmark at the junction of two tribes, one of Schleswig (Schleswig) Anglo (Angles), the other is the Hall Stein (Holstein) of Saxony (Saxon)｡ Schleswig / Holstein is Germany’s most northern of the two states during the First World War in Germany from Denmark, where “acquire”｡ This is two tribes from where it crossed the North Sea, occupied in England, the original Celtic people quickly back to Wales, Ireland and the Scottish Highlands｡ English word comes from the Angles, the original intent to “corner”, meaning they came from the European continent ｡ corner of the ancient English, Angle Writing Engle, their language is called Englisc (in the old English, “sc” read like “sh”, such as “sceap” - “sheep”)｡ the way, “Celtic” ( Celt) in c can be read as s or k, it is also called the “Celtic”, the Americans there are many from Scotland and Ireland, the so-called “American accent” may be the Celtic accent｡ not have a well-known in Boston The team is called “Celtic boss”｡

As the world’s de facto international lingua franca, its success is unprecedented｡ from the use of its population, the number of native English-speaking world’s second largest after the Chinese door, about 400 million people｡ However, English as a Second Language, or to a certain extent, the number of English should be a lot more than it can be said that the distribution of all corners of the world, every nation, at this point is beyond the｡ Chinese is how it is developed?

The first batch of the British Isles Celtic｡ Indo-European inhabitants are originally inhabitants of the island there may be earlier, but sparsely populated, we do not leave behind a few relics｡ previously mentioned in the ancient Indo-European Celtic a person about to leave before the their homeland in Eastern Europe westward migration millennium BC, when (the equivalent of China’s Shang Dynasty, the Western Zhou Dynasty), they became the northern foot of the Alps in southern Germany, of a strong national｡ around five hundred years BC (the equivalent of China’s Spring and Autumn period), they began to migrate westward, and later to the British Isles｡ This is the Indo-European people first “invasion”｡

Now can not find the original Indo-Europeans to leave any “written material”, because the history of human use of language than the use of text has a long history｡ Therefore, the best way is to analyze their language｡ we can assume that if a word in most of the Indo-European languages are very similar, that is a concept they already have; the contrary would be considered later it is a known concept: This is the Linguistics reproduce the “fossil language” methods used｡

Through the reconstruction of ancient Indo-European people’s language, we can learn about: the original Indo-European people living in the cold boreal forests are not in a place near water, their breeding livestock are horses, cattle, sheep and dogs, they know that wild animals are wolves and bears, they know that the metal may only copper｡ Many people believe that horses and chariots so that they can achieve a great advantage in the expedition which was later extended to the vast geographical｡ (played civilization’s friends know that horse and the chariot in the ancient role of the war

Is generally believed that the original Indo-European civilization began with three thousand years BC, that is five thousand years ago somewhere in Eastern Europe, about BC二千五百年and break it up, people leave the home several points the way forward in all directions which way to move｡ Greece, the other all the way to Italy (both road are ancient Greek and Roman culture, the origin)｡ the other way across the British Isles Central Europe has been reached (who is Scottish, Irish and Welsh ancestors)｡ there all the way north to the Russia, at the same time there are all the way across Iran, Afghanistan and finally to India｡ they Wherever he went, he conquered or assimilated the indigenous communities, to spread their own language, where｡ should say that they are a great nation｡

Many languages, there may be evolved from an ancestor, and this idea was first proposed in 1786, although as early as the sixteenth century, some people have taken note of the similarities between Sanskrit and Italian sex｡ By 1818, there were five 10 return to the Indo-European languages, and then in 1854, people have a unique Albanian language belongs in, then added the 1875 Armenian｡ now in Europe, only the Finnish, Hungarian, Turkish, Basque (in Spain and France at the junction)

And the former Soviet Union several language does not belong to Indo-European｡

In Asia, the Indo-European languages in Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh and other countries｡ It is noteworthy that, although in India, Hindi (Hindi) is the largest language, but the non-Hindi speaking the local Aboriginal forces are very powerful｡ India has 150 languages, but the people who speak a language no more than 30%｡ it independence in 1947 have to be simultaneously in Hindi and English as official language - More than half of the Indians simply do not understand Hindi Well｡ millennium BC, Indo-Europeans in about prior to the invasion, the local indigenous people of the Dravidian-speaking (eg, Tamil)

And Munda Language Family, and now in India in the south, still represents a significant proportion of the population in Pakistan and Bangladesh｡ most people speak Indo-European language｡ a certain extent, they are able to understand Hindi, but among themselves it is difficult to understand and learn the law of Bangladesh｡ a friend told me that he thought two decades ago, Pakistan, Bangladesh split into two countries, in addition to geographic barriers, the language barrier is also an important factor in｡

Although no one has to follow their mother tongue as｡

Indo-European languages is the world’s largest, covering almost all of Europe, the Americas, and Asia, Australia, a large part of｡ It includes two great classical languages: ancient Greek and Latin;, including English as German, lotus Lan language (also known in Belgium, Flemish, Flemish) and Swedish class of Germanic languages; include as French, Italian and Spanish class of Romance languages; include as Russian, Polish, Czech and Serbian — Croatian category of Slavic languages; including as Welsh and Gaelic (Gaelic, in Scotland and Ireland), such as Celtic languages; including Baltimore (Baltic) various languages; including Iran’s national language Farsi; including issues such as Hindi, Bengali, Hindi, a type statement; so｡

Languages Languages of the world’s languages on behalf of the percentage of

India - Europe English, French, Russian, Hindi, Persian 48%

Han - Tibetan Chinese, Tibetan, Thai, Burmese 24%

Niger - Congo Swahili 6%

Asia - 5% of non-Arabic, Hebrew,

Malaya - Polynesian Indonesian, Malay 5%

3% of the Tamil Dravidians

Altay Turkish, Mongolian, Kazakh 2%

In addition to above, these “could be classified as” language, there are several so-called “independent languages”:

Japanese (2%), Korean (1%) and Vietnamese (1%)｡ These independent of language and the language of all the existing no obvious link, of course, is also not enough, and their research a certain extent, such as Japanese and Korean｡ There may be some relationship between｡ irony is that, although they are used to varying degrees, part of the Chinese as a written language, they have no contact with the Chinese｡