Leo’s Heaven

Story｡ Sino-Tibetan languages, there are a “big guy”, do not know｡ guess it accounts for Sino-Tibetan languages for more than 85% of the total population｡ However, for non-Indo-European languages Indo-European linguistic research are not as deep as , its origin, development, and evolution, there are many issues to be resolved｡

Sino-Tibetan languages in four languages: Chinese dreams of; Tibet - Burman, including the Tibetan and Burmese these two languages, as well as the Yi, Naxi, Lisu, Lahu, Jingpo, Beijing, such as hundreds of small languages; Thailand - Old languages , including both Thai and Laotian Mandarin, as well as the Zhuang, Buyi, Dong, and several other small languages (Zhuang should not be considered a small language! there are more than 10 million people speak Zhuang, smaller than some of the language also, and they Well is not also have their own autonomous region); there is a Miao - Yao language family, by the Hmong and the Yao language composition｡ In addition, many people think that a distant relative of Vietnamese and Chinese, in fact, half of the word comes from Vietnamese Chinese, but their relationship remains to be further research｡

People who speak Sino-Tibetan languages in addition to China, is also found in Burma, India, Nepal, Thailand, Laos and other countries, as well as in Southeast Asia and ethnic Chinese around the world｡ In short, the holders of Sino-Tibetan languages of all nationalities, the Han people living in The most northern｡

Old English has been developed to the year 1066 Norman invasion of France｡ Prior to this, due to the impact of the Nordic and the Romans, and many Scandinavian words and Latin words entered｡ former solvent, such as egg, cake, skin, leg, window, husband, sky, fellow, skill, anger, flat, ugly, odd, get, give, take, raise, call, die, they, their, them; the latter, such as street, kitchen, kettle, cup , cheese, wine｡ Celtic remain in the names of the remains of most, such as the Thames, Kent, Dover｡

Norman invasion of English has brought a lot of French vocabulary, which makes the modern English is now kept a large number of synonyms / synonyms: shut / close, answer / reply, smell / odor, yearly / annual, ask / demand , room / chamber, wish / desire, might / power (English words / French words)｡ there is an interesting phenomenon is that meat and animal products are mostly English words, such as ox, cow, calf, sheep, swine, deer, and they The meat is the French word, such as beef, veal, mutton, pork, bacon, venison｡ presumably were mostly French-speaking aristocracy ruler, only pay attention to the meat on their table, and do not care what the animals are called｡

Also in the existing English / Scandinavian languages based on synonyms, such as the wrath of English and the Scandinavian language, anger, the French also added a ire｡ that even we Chinese have contributed a number of words: kowtow (kowtow), typhoon (Typhoon), sampan (sampan), kaolin (kaolinite), tea (Fujian dialect), shanghai (not the names）｡

The English as a foreign language so expressive a language-rich｡ While integration into such a large number of “foreign language”, the ancient English still constitute its core - less than 5000 of the Old English words remain to this day during this period｡ English gradually to the high-level development, and in 1399 succeeded to the throne of Henry IV is the first English-speaking｡ King of England towards the end of the fourteenth century, when Chaucer (Chaucer) completed The Legend of Canterbury (Canterbury Tales), the London dialect as the representative of the modern English finally began to appear: one from the Past “corner” language｡

The second invasion of Indo-Europeans in the mid-fifth century, when living in today’s Germany and Denmark at the junction of two tribes, one of Schleswig (Schleswig) Anglo (Angles), the other is the Hall Stein (Holstein) of Saxony (Saxon)｡ Schleswig / Holstein is Germany’s most northern of the two states during the First World War in Germany from Denmark, where “acquire”｡ This is two tribes from where it crossed the North Sea, occupied in England, the original Celtic people quickly back to Wales, Ireland and the Scottish Highlands｡ English word comes from the Angles, the original intent to “corner”, meaning they came from the European continent ｡ corner of the ancient English, Angle Writing Engle, their language is called Englisc (in the old English, “sc” read like “sh”, such as “sceap” - “sheep”)｡ the way, “Celtic” ( Celt) in c can be read as s or k, it is also called the “Celtic”, the Americans there are many from Scotland and Ireland, the so-called “American accent” may be the Celtic accent｡ not have a well-known in Boston The team is called “Celtic boss”｡

As the world’s de facto international lingua franca, its success is unprecedented｡ from the use of its population, the number of native English-speaking world’s second largest after the Chinese door, about 400 million people｡ However, English as a Second Language, or to a certain extent, the number of English should be a lot more than it can be said that the distribution of all corners of the world, every nation, at this point is beyond the｡ Chinese is how it is developed?

The first batch of the British Isles Celtic｡ Indo-European inhabitants are originally inhabitants of the island there may be earlier, but sparsely populated, we do not leave behind a few relics｡ previously mentioned in the ancient Indo-European Celtic a person about to leave before the their homeland in Eastern Europe westward migration millennium BC, when (the equivalent of China’s Shang Dynasty, the Western Zhou Dynasty), they became the northern foot of the Alps in southern Germany, of a strong national｡ around five hundred years BC (the equivalent of China’s Spring and Autumn period), they began to migrate westward, and later to the British Isles｡ This is the Indo-European people first “invasion”｡

Now can not find the original Indo-Europeans to leave any “written material”, because the history of human use of language than the use of text has a long history｡ Therefore, the best way is to analyze their language｡ we can assume that if a word in most of the Indo-European languages are very similar, that is a concept they already have; the contrary would be considered later it is a known concept: This is the Linguistics reproduce the “fossil language” methods used｡

Through the reconstruction of ancient Indo-European people’s language, we can learn about: the original Indo-European people living in the cold boreal forests are not in a place near water, their breeding livestock are horses, cattle, sheep and dogs, they know that wild animals are wolves and bears, they know that the metal may only copper｡ Many people believe that horses and chariots so that they can achieve a great advantage in the expedition which was later extended to the vast geographical｡ (played civilization’s friends know that horse and the chariot in the ancient role of the war

Is generally believed that the original Indo-European civilization began with three thousand years BC, that is five thousand years ago somewhere in Eastern Europe, about BC二千五百年and break it up, people leave the home several points the way forward in all directions which way to move｡ Greece, the other all the way to Italy (both road are ancient Greek and Roman culture, the origin)｡ the other way across the British Isles Central Europe has been reached (who is Scottish, Irish and Welsh ancestors)｡ there all the way north to the Russia, at the same time there are all the way across Iran, Afghanistan and finally to India｡ they Wherever he went, he conquered or assimilated the indigenous communities, to spread their own language, where｡ should say that they are a great nation｡

Many languages, there may be evolved from an ancestor, and this idea was first proposed in 1786, although as early as the sixteenth century, some people have taken note of the similarities between Sanskrit and Italian sex｡ By 1818, there were five 10 return to the Indo-European languages, and then in 1854, people have a unique Albanian language belongs in, then added the 1875 Armenian｡ now in Europe, only the Finnish, Hungarian, Turkish, Basque (in Spain and France at the junction)

And the former Soviet Union several language does not belong to Indo-European｡

In Asia, the Indo-European languages in Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh and other countries｡ It is noteworthy that, although in India, Hindi (Hindi) is the largest language, but the non-Hindi speaking the local Aboriginal forces are very powerful｡ India has 150 languages, but the people who speak a language no more than 30%｡ it independence in 1947 have to be simultaneously in Hindi and English as official language - More than half of the Indians simply do not understand Hindi Well｡ millennium BC, Indo-Europeans in about prior to the invasion, the local indigenous people of the Dravidian-speaking (eg, Tamil)

And Munda Language Family, and now in India in the south, still represents a significant proportion of the population in Pakistan and Bangladesh｡ most people speak Indo-European language｡ a certain extent, they are able to understand Hindi, but among themselves it is difficult to understand and learn the law of Bangladesh｡ a friend told me that he thought two decades ago, Pakistan, Bangladesh split into two countries, in addition to geographic barriers, the language barrier is also an important factor in｡

Although no one has to follow their mother tongue as｡

Indo-European languages is the world’s largest, covering almost all of Europe, the Americas, and Asia, Australia, a large part of｡ It includes two great classical languages: ancient Greek and Latin;, including English as German, lotus Lan language (also known in Belgium, Flemish, Flemish) and Swedish class of Germanic languages; include as French, Italian and Spanish class of Romance languages; include as Russian, Polish, Czech and Serbian — Croatian category of Slavic languages; including as Welsh and Gaelic (Gaelic, in Scotland and Ireland), such as Celtic languages; including Baltimore (Baltic) various languages; including Iran’s national language Farsi; including issues such as Hindi, Bengali, Hindi, a type statement; so｡

Languages Languages of the world’s languages on behalf of the percentage of

India - Europe English, French, Russian, Hindi, Persian 48%

Han - Tibetan Chinese, Tibetan, Thai, Burmese 24%

Niger - Congo Swahili 6%

Asia - 5% of non-Arabic, Hebrew,

Malaya - Polynesian Indonesian, Malay 5%

3% of the Tamil Dravidians

Altay Turkish, Mongolian, Kazakh 2%

In addition to above, these “could be classified as” language, there are several so-called “independent languages”:

Japanese (2%), Korean (1%) and Vietnamese (1%)｡ These independent of language and the language of all the existing no obvious link, of course, is also not enough, and their research a certain extent, such as Japanese and Korean｡ There may be some relationship between｡ irony is that, although they are used to varying degrees, part of the Chinese as a written language, they have no contact with the Chinese｡

All in all, Linguistics can point out how the two languages, but similar to identifying the problems with language, more dependent on national, ethnic, political, historical, and so on a number of factors.
　　Such as the Croatian and Serbian fact one language (collectively, Serbo-Croatian, Serbo-Croatian), except that incorporates the Roman alphabet, which in turn uses a Cyrillic alphabet (for instance, is the Russian alphabet), this and the two relevant national history and culture.Similarly, Czech and Slovak between can easily understand each other, just like the same two dialect, but people traditionally they considered two different languages.
　　A language can be used by two written symbol (letter) said likewise two languages can also be shared with a set of written symbol.
　　Such as Tibetan, it is because of a 17th century a. d. Lama of Tibet to Kashmir and continuing education of Sanskrit letter after introduces (Sanskrit, i.e. Hindi) this makes them look similar, but between the two languages: Tibetan without belong to Sino-Tibetan Indo-European and Hindi belongs to.
　　We are familiar with Chinese, Japanese, and Korean language, because the latter two are in the middle ages has borrowed Chinese characters when a large number of people have been doubt, there is some kind of contact, but so far have not yet found any convincing evidence to prove a link between them, in fact Japanese, and Korean language and any known in the world today, whether it be in the language of alive or dead language, are certainly did not find any links.
　　In the study of the world’s major languages in the future, linguists as as biologists, languages in the world is divided into common language family, languages, languages and languages.

Tatar
　　Telugu
　　Temne
　　Terena
　　Tetum
　　Thai
　　Tibetan
　　Tigre
　　Turkish
　　Turkish,Ottoman
　　Turkmen
　　Ukrainian
　　Umbundu
　　Undetermined
　　Urdu
　　Uzbek
　　Vai
　　Venda
　　Vietnamese
　　Volapuk
　　Votic
　　Wakashan languages
　　Walamo
　　Warav
　　Washo
　　Welsh
　　Wolof
　　Xhosa
　　Yakut
　　Yao
　　Yap
　　Yiddish
　　Yoruba
　　Yupik languages
　　Zande
　　Zapotec
　　Zenaga
　　Zhuang
　　Zulu
　　Zuni

Nahuatl
　　Nauru
　　Northern Sotho
　　Norwegian
　　Nubian languages
　　Nyamwezi
　　Nyanja
　　Nyankole
　　Nyoro
　　Nzima
　　Occitan(post-3500)
　　Ojibwa
　　Old Norse
　　Old Persian(ca.600-400B.C.)
　　Oriya
　　Papuan-Australian(Other)
　　Persian
　　Philippine(Other)
　　Phoenician
　　Polish
　　Ponape
　　Quechua
　　Raeto-Romance
　　Rajasthani
　　Rapanui
　　Rarotongan
　　Santali
　　Sardinian
　　Sasak
　　Scots
　　Selkup
　　Semitic(Other)
　　Serbo-Croatian(Cyrillic)
　　Serbo-Croatian(Roman)
　　Serer
　　Shan
　　Shona
　　Sorbian languages
　　Sotho
　　South American Indian(Other)
　　Spanish